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Mechanics Concepts (v17)

Page history last edited by Bob-RJ Burkhart 7 years, 6 months ago

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Visual Taxonomy

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Concept	L1 Mechanics Concepts	Level 2	University
Acceleration	change in speed over time, whether speeding up or slowing down	Change in velocity (not speed!) over time
Air Resistance	friction acting on an object moving through air

Average Speed	the total distance traveled divided by the time required to travel that distance
Balanced Forces	when two forces combine to cancel each other out
Centripetal Acceleration		Acceleration acting on an object moving around a circle and directed toward the centre of the movement.
Centripetal Force		Force acting on an object moving around a circle at constant speed (but at the direction of movement changed)
Change in Momentum in One Dimension		Momentum is changed under the influence of a force acting along the movement of an object, in the same or opposite direction
Circular Motion		Movement around a circle (at constant speed with one force only providing centripetal force)
Conservation of energy	(energy) cannot be created or destroyed	The total energy before the work is done equals the total of all the forms of energy produced afterwards.
Conservation of Momentum in One Direction		Total momentum of two or more objects before and after collision (explosion) is the same / equals.
Constant Speed	speed is not increasing or decreasing but remain consistent over time
Constant	unchanging
Contact Area	amount of area shared by two objects e.g. ice skates have sharp edges, and thus a small area in contact with the ice
Deceleration	decrease in the speed over time of an object
Displacement		Distance in vector form, when direction of movement is important
Distance	how far an object has traveled (usually horizontal)
Drag	or an object moving through air, friction is called "air resistance" or "drag
E_K	kinetic energy; the kind of energy possessed by moving objects
E_P	gravitational potential energy; energy possessed by objects that have been lifted up
Elastic Collision		Collision involving no loss of kinetic energy due to no change in shape of objects.
Elastic Potential Energy		Energy stored in an extended or compressed spring
Energy Gained	Energy accumulated at Energy Transfer, e.g. transfer of Kinetic Energy to Potential Energy at ROPE CLIMBING
Energy Loss	Energy scattered on friction or Air Resistance at Energy Transfer
Energy Transfer	Transformation between different kinds of energy
Equilibrium		State of an object at rest or moving uniformly. Condition: both the resultant force is zero and the sum of all the torques acting on a object is zero.
Final Velocity		Velocity at the end of movement (considered / measured)
Force	a push or pull that can change an object’s movement
Force Components		Projections of force on selected directions
Free Fall	falling motion caused by gravity alone
Friction	friction is an opposing force; it acts in the opposite direction to a force which is applied to an object
g	acceleration caused by the earth’s mass (approx. 10 ms^-2)
Gradient	slope of a graph (rise/run)
Gravitational Potential Energy		Change of position of an object in the Earth's gravitational field.
Gravity	the force of attraction between any two objects; the Earth is very big and so has a large gravity pulling everything down towards it
Height	distance (vertical)
Impulse		Change of Momentum under the influence of force F acting over the period of time Δt.
Inelastic Collision		Collision involving loss of kinetic energy due to change in shape and/or temperature of objects.
Initial Velocity		Velocity at the beginning of movement (considered / measured)
Instantaneous	at an instant of time
Instantaneous Speed	speed at a particular instant in time
Kinetic Energy		Energy of a moving object
Mass	amount of matter in an object or substance
Mechanical Energy	kinetic or potential (or heat) energy
Momentum (p)		"quantity of motion" proportional to the velocity and mass of an object
Net Force	the single force that represents all the forces acting on a body; overall force
Power (P), W	the rate that energy is changed from one type to another; power is the energy changed divided by the time it takes for the energy to change	The rate at which work is done
Pressure	a measure of the force exerted on a certain area of surface; force per unit area
Projectile Motion		Motion of a projectile, an object moving through the air without its own source of power, only under the influence of gravity
Reaction	An equal and opposite force exerted by a body against a force acting upon it
Relationship	information that can be used to link two things together e.g. force and acceleration
Resultant Force	a stationary object remains stationary if the sum of the forces acting upon it - resultant force - is zero. A moving object with a zero resultant force keeps moving at the same speed and in the same direction. If the resultant force acting on an object is not zero, a stationary object begins to accelerate in the same direction as the resultant force.
Speed	how fast an object is traveling; units are distance time^-1, e.g. ms^-1
Speed-time graphs	Graph showing change of speed with time
Sprint Constant		Slope of the graph of the Force applied to a spring against the extra distance extended. Spring length in equilibrium (natural length) is not included.
Stationary	stopped, not moving or “at rest”
Time		???
Thrust	to push or drive with force
Torque		Turning effect about a pivot under the influence of a force. Can be clockwise or anticlockwise. Same as moment and leverage
Unbalanced Forces	forces that are NOT balanced; situation leading to acceleration or deceleration of an object	Same
Vector Addition of Forces
Velocity	speed (Note: velocity is really the measurement of the rate and direction of motion but at Level 1 Science we treat speed and velocity as the same thing)
Velocity Vector Components		Horizontal (v cos θ) and vertical (v sin θ) components
Weight (Force)	the force on an object caused by gravity
Work (W), J	energy required to make an object move	Process of energy transfer from one form to another.
Work Done	Whenever 'work' is done energy is transferred from one place to another.