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Project Management

Process Design Pattern

Purpose

When an objective requires a concentrated set of work with specialist skills to make a change or provide for on-going improvements, a Project may be formed to achieve this objective.

A project is a Temporary team that is established and managed for the purpose of achieving the objective and producing the required results.

The project management process may also work with a number of life cycle processes to structure both management and technical stages of development. A typical life cycle would be

Product / Service Innovation Process Design Pattern or a Capability Innovation Life Cycle.

This process supports the implementation of the project management capability.

Entry Criteria

Initial Project need, objectives and outcomes identified (may be fuzzy).

Objects

Project,

Project Plan,

Project Team.

Associated Life Cycle Processes.

Process Owner

Person who is managing Project Managers with support from HR, Finance, Quality. (Or Staff Manager or PMO)

Activities

PRINCE2 as an example).

• Starting up a Project
• Directing a Project.
• Initiating a Project.
• Controlling a Stage
• Managing Product Delivery.
• Managing a Stage Boundary
• Closing a Project.
• Product Based Planning.
• Common Management Activities

Roles

(PRINCE2 as an example)

• Project Manager
• Project Executive
• Team Manager

References

This process links to the following Best Practice, External Standards and Product Standards. Links to other processes that this process may start are also indicated.

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https://cio-wiki.org/wiki/Project_Management

Definition of Project Management

Project Management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements. It is an organized manner of managing a project from its beginning to a defined ending.

Project Management is a critical part of IT Governance

History of Project Management^[1]

Until 1900, civil engineering projects were generally managed by creative architects, engineers, and master builders themselves, for example, Vitruvius (first century BC), Christopher Wren (1632–1723), Thomas Telford (1757–1834) and Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–1859). In the 1950s, organizations systematically applied project-management tools and techniques to complex engineering projects.

Henry Gantt (1861–1919) was the father of planning and control techniques. As a discipline, project management developed from several fields of application, including civil construction, engineering, and heavy defense activity. Two forefathers of project management are Henry Gantt, called the father of planning and control techniques, who is famous for his use of the Gantt chart as a project management tool (alternatively Harmonogram first proposed by Karol Adamiecki), and Henri Fayol, for his creation of the five management functions that form the foundation of the body of knowledge associated with the project and program management. Gantt and Fayol were students of Frederick Winslow Taylor's theories of scientific management. His work is the forerunner to modern project management tools, including work breakdown structure (WBS) and resource allocation.

The 1950s marked the beginning of the modern project management era, where core engineering fields come together to work as one. Project management became recognized as a distinct discipline from the engineering model's management discipline. Before the 1950s, projects were managed on an ad-hoc basis in the United States, using mostly Gantt charts and informal techniques and tools. At that time, two mathematical project-scheduling models were developed. The "critical path method" (CPM) was developed as a joint venture between DuPont Corporation and Remington Rand Corporation for managing plant maintenance projects. The U.S. Navy Special Projects Office, the Lockheed Corporation, and Booz Allen Hamilton, as part of the Polaris missile submarine program, developed the "program evaluation and review technique" (PERT).

PERT and CPM are very similar in their approach but still present some differences. CPM is used for projects that assume deterministic activity times; the times at which each activity will be carried out are known. PERT, however, allows for stochastic activity times; the times at which each activity will be carried out are uncertain or varied. Because of this core difference, CPM and PERT are used in different contexts. These mathematical techniques quickly spread into many private enterprises.

At the same time, as project-scheduling models were being developed, technology for project cost estimating, cost management, and engineering economics was evolving, with pioneering work by Hans Lang and others. In 1956, the American Association of Cost Engineers (now AACE International; the Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering) was formed by early practitioners of project management and the associated specialties of planning and scheduling, cost estimating, and cost/schedule control (project control). AACE continued its pioneering work and, in 2006, released the first integrated process for portfolio, program, and project management (total cost management framework).

In 1969, the Project Management Institute (PMI) was formed in the USA. PMI publishes A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide), which describes project management practices common to "most projects, most of the time." PMI also offers a range of certifications.

Project Management Phases^[2]

The commonly accepted phases of project management are:

source: University of Washigton

• Initiation: Initiation is the first phase of the project process. During initiation, you identify stakeholders, gather information (expectations, deliverables, etc.), define the project, define the project’s goals, and set up the specifications and parameters of the project.
• Planning and Design: The second phase is planning. During this phase, you write out a baseline plan for your project. This plan includes schedules, resource lists, tasks and activities, team members, risk analyses, and reporting structures. The plan then needs to be evaluated and approved by project stakeholders (your client, employer, or even in some cases: the government).
• Executing: Execution means the implementation of your project plan. The execution phase can take the longest of all the processes, depending on the project: it can be the building of the largest skyscraper in the world, or it can merely be a two-day conference that you are in charge of planning and managing. The performance of the project team is crucial during this part of the process.
• Monitor and Control: Monitoring and controlling consist of keeping to your schedule, reporting to stakeholders and interested parties, watching the budget, and making sure that the execution of the project matches up to the initial plan. The project process also goes back and forth between planning, executing, and monitoring during this phase. Each time there is a discrepancy during the monitoring phase, the plan needs to be altered and re-implemented.
• Closing: As the project nears completion, you must close out all contracts, meet the final project goals, and compile all the final reports and documentation. It is important to document everything before closing the project. Evaluating the project results, as well as your project team, is also important.

1. Every project must follow each of these steps logically. First, it is conducted at a project level and then repeated for each task or sub-task in more detail. Some view these phases as linear, but you may need to adjust to the original plan design as you initiate your project and move into the planning and monitoring phases.

   Project Management Process^[3]

   In addition to the 5 phases above, the project management process includes several other areas of knowledge with which every project manager must be familiar. The PMBOK Guide (Project Management Body of Knowledge Fifth Edition) has 10 Knowledge Areas. Every manager should indeed have a basic understanding of these 10 topics. However, project managers must pay special attention when applying to a specific project that includes unique goals, adherence to a strict timeline, and subjection to a set amount of resources.

• Integration – This knowledge area contains all 5 project stages. During integration, you will develop the plan, assess risks, and make necessary adjustments to ensure successful execution.
• Scope – Scope outlines stakeholder expectations. Comprehending the desired outcome of your project is fundamental to your success as a project manager.
• Time – They say timing is everything, and keeping your project on track is of utmost importance. Time management expertise will help you to designate activities and set appropriate project milestones to meet deadlines and successfully allocate resources.
• Cost – Elements of cost management occur throughout the project. Properly estimating all areas of project cost and overseeing expenses during the project process will help you and your team to stay on budget.
• Quality – Making sure your PSR (product/service/result) meets the client's expectations is your goal. Your project falls short if your deliverable is anything other than what the customer and/or stakeholders require.
• Procurement – It may be that you’ll need services that contribute to your project outcome that are outside the expertise of your project team. You should know how to plan for this contingency, choose an external vendor, and create/close out a contract.
• Human Resources – It may fall to you as the project manager to assemble your team from across your company’s human capital pool and possibly to bring in outside contractors. Regardless of your project size, you’ll need to know how to coordinate and lead your team effectively.
• Communications – Communication isn’t only about the right information. You must also know how and when to provide information along the way. Learn how to craft an effective message, get that message out, and manage project knowledge.
• Risk Management – Even the best-laid plans sometimes don’t come off without a hitch. Know how to identify and evaluate those things that can derail your project so that through ongoing response planning and monitoring, you can mitigate delays and resource over expenditure.
• Stakeholder Management – Stakeholders include people or organizations involved with your project. You should know how to create engagement and management approaches to include your stakeholders in the project outcome.

2. The Elements of a Project^[4]

   A successful project manager must simultaneously manage four basic elements of a project. These elements are interrelated.

• Scope: This involves the project's size, goals, and requirements. The project scope is the definition of what the project is supposed to accomplish and the budget of time and money created to achieve these objectives. Any change to the project's scope must have a matching change in budget, time, resources, or all three.
• Resources: There are three aspects of understanding and managing resources: people, equipment, and material. A successful project manager must effectively manage the resources assigned to the project, including project team members, vendor staff, and subcontractors. He or she must ensure that his or her employees have the skills and tools they need to complete the job, and s/he must continually monitor whether s/he has enough people to complete the project on deadline. It is the Project Manager's job to ensure that each person understands the task and the project deadlines. In a matrix management situation like a project team, the project manager's job is to provide project direction to the line managers. Managing labor subcontracts usually means managing the team lead for the subcontracted workers who manage those workers. A project manager must often procure equipment and materials and manage their use so that the team can operate efficiently. He's responsible for having the appropriate equipment and materials in the correct location at the proper time.
• Time: This doesn't just address how much time the project will take. The three elements of successful time management are tasks, schedules, and critical paths. Build the project schedule by listing, in order, all the tasks that must be completed. Some must be done sequentially, while others can overlap or be done in tandem. Assign a duration to each task. Allocate the required resources. Determine predecessors—what tasks must be completed before others—and successors, those that can't start until after each other task is completed. This aspect of project management is sometimes referred to as waterfall management because one task follows another in more or less sequential order. Project management software can simplify creating and managing the project schedule. Some tasks have a little flexibility in their required start and finish dates. This is called "float." Other tasks have no flexibility. They have zero floats. The critical path is called a line through all the tasks with zero float. All tasks on this path—and there can be multiple parallel paths—must be completed on time if the project is to come in by its deadline. The project manager's key time management task is monitoring the critical path.
• Money: The three considerations in managing money are costs, contingencies, and profit. Each task has a cost, whether the computer programmer's labor hours or the purchase price of a cubic yard of concrete. Each of these costs is estimated and totaled when preparing the project budget. Some estimates will be more accurate than others. The project budget should, therefore, include a contingency allowance—money set aside in the budget "just in case" the actual cost of an item is wildly different from the estimate. Profit is the money the company wants to make from the task. It's put on top of the cost. So a project budget is composed of the estimated cost, plus the contingency, plus any profit. The project manager's job is to keep the actual cost at or below the estimated cost and to maximize the profit the company earns on the project.

3. Project Management Office^[5]

   The project management office (PMO) is a centralized department that manages projects. The PMO:

• Central location and authority for providing policies, methodologies, and templates for managing projects within the organization
• Trains individuals in project management within the organization
• Assists them with project management tools
• Provide project managers for different projects; these project managers and the PMO office are responsible for the results of those projects

4. The project management office is a department of many individuals. The PMO has responsibilities such as:

• Manage needs and interconnectedness between projects
• Provide resources
• Participate in project review meetings
• Monitor compliance with organizational processes
• Provide templates
• Provide centralized communication about projects
• Be a part of the change control board
• Help prioritize projects

5. See Also

• Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK®)
• Project Management Maturity Model (PMMM)
• Project Management Office (PMO)
• Cone of Uncertainty
• Collaborative Planning Methodology (CPM)
• Activity-On-Arrow (AOA)

6. References

7. History of Project Management-Wikipedia
8. Project Management Phases -uw.edu
9. Project Management Process -project-management.com
10. The Elements of a Project -the balance

Project Management Office -io4pm.org

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management

Contents 1 History 2 Project management types 3 Approaches of project management 3.1 Benefits realization management 3.2 Critical path method 3.3 Critical chain project management 3.4 Earned value management 3.5 Iterative and incremental project management 3.6 Lean project management 3.7 Project lifecycle 3.8 Process-based management 3.9 Project production management 3.10 Product-based planning 4 Process groups 4.1 Initiating 4.2 Planning 4.3 Executing 4.4 Project documentation 4.5 Monitoring and controlling 4.6 Closing 4.7 Project control and project control systems 5 Characteristics of projects 5.1 Project complexity 5.2 Positive, appropriate (requisite), and negative complexity 6 Project managers 7 Multilevel success framework and criteria - project success vs. project performance 8 Risk management 9 Work breakdown structure and other breakdown structures 10 International standards 11 Program management. Project networks 12 Project portfolio management 13 Project management software 14 Virtual project management 15 See also 16 References 17 External links
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v t e

Project management is the process of leading the work of a team to achieve all project goals within the given constraints.^[1] This information is usually described in project documentation, created at the beginning of the development process. The primary constraints are scope, time, and budget.^[2] The secondary challenge is to optimize the allocation of necessary inputs and apply them to meet pre-defined objectives.

The objective of project management is to produce a complete project which complies with the client's objectives. In many cases, the objective of project management is also to shape or reform the client's brief to feasibly address the client's objectives. Once the client's objectives are clearly established they should influence all decisions made by other people involved in the project – for example, project managers, designers, contractors, and sub-contractors. Ill-defined or too tightly prescribed project management objectives are detrimental to decision making.

A project is a temporary and unique endeavor designed to produce a product, service, or result with a defined beginning and end (usually time-constrained, and often constrained by funding or staffing) undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives, typically to bring about beneficial change or added value.^[3][4] The temporary nature of projects stands in contrast with business as usual (or operations),^[5] which are repetitive, permanent, or semi-permanent functional activities to produce products or services. In practice, the management of such distinct production approaches requires the development of distinct technical skills and management strategies.^[6]

History

Until 1900, civil engineering projects were generally managed by creative architects, engineers, and master builders themselves, for example, Vitruvius (first century BC), Christopher Wren (1632–1723), Thomas Telford (1757–1834), and Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–1859).^[7] In the 1950s organizations started to systematically apply project-management tools and techniques to complex engineering projects.^[8]

Henry Gantt (1861–1919), the father of planning and control techniques

As a discipline, project management developed from several fields of application including civil construction, engineering, and heavy defense activity.^[9] Two forefathers of project management are Henry Gantt, called the father of planning and control techniques,^[10] who is famous for his use of the Gantt chart as a project management tool (alternatively Harmonogram first proposed by Karol Adamiecki^[11]); and Henri Fayol for his creation of the five management functions that form the foundation of the body of knowledge associated with project and program management.^[12] Both Gantt and Fayol were students of Frederick Winslow Taylor's theories of scientific management. His work is the forerunner to modern project management tools including work breakdown structure (WBS) and resource allocation.

The 1950s marked the beginning of the modern project management era where core engineering fields come together to work as one. Project management became recognized as a distinct discipline arising from the management discipline with the engineering model.^[13] In the United States, prior to the 1950s, projects were managed on an ad-hoc basis, using mostly Gantt charts and informal techniques and tools. At that time, two mathematical project-scheduling models were developed. The "critical path method" (CPM) was developed as a joint venture between DuPont Corporation and Remington Rand Corporation for managing plant maintenance projects. The "program evaluation and review technique" (PERT), was developed by the U.S. Navy Special Projects Office in conjunction with the Lockheed Corporation and Booz Allen Hamilton as part of the Polaris missile submarine program.^[14]

PERT and CPM are very similar in their approach but still present some differences. CPM is used for projects that assume deterministic activity times; the times at which each activity will be carried out are known. PERT, on the other hand, allows for stochastic activity times; the times at which each activity will be carried out are uncertain or varied. Because of this core difference, CPM and PERT are used in different contexts. These mathematical techniques quickly spread into many private enterprises.

PERT network chart for a seven-month project with five milestones

At the same time, as project-scheduling models were being developed, technology for project cost estimating, cost management and engineering economics was evolving, with pioneering work by Hans Lang and others. In 1956, the American Association of Cost Engineers (now AACE International; the Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering) was formed by early practitioners of project management and the associated specialties of planning and scheduling, cost estimating, and cost/schedule control (project control). AACE continued its pioneering work and in 2006 released the first integrated process for portfolio, program, and project management (total cost management framework).

In 1969, the Project Management Institute (PMI) was formed in the USA.^[15] PMI publishes the original version of A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide) in 1996 with William Duncan as its primary author, which describes project management practices that are common to "most projects, most of the time."^[16]

Project management types

Project management methods can be applied to any project. It is often tailored to a specific type of project based on project size, nature, industry or sector. For example, the construction industry, which focuses on the delivery of things like buildings, roads, and bridges, has developed its own specialized form of project management that it refers to as construction project management and in which project managers can become trained and certified.^[17] The information technology industry has also evolved to develop its own form of project management that is referred to as IT project management and which specializes in the delivery of technical assets and services that are required to pass through various lifecycle phases such as planning, design, development, testing, and deployment. Biotechnology project management focuses on the intricacies of biotechnology research and development.^[18] Localization project management includes application of many standard project management practices to translation works even though many consider this type of management to be a very different discipline. There is public project management that covers all public works by the government which can be carried out by the government agencies or contracted out to contractors. Another classification of project management is based on the hard (physical) or soft (non-physical) type.

Common among all the project management types is that they focus on three important goals: time, quality, and cost. Successful projects are completed on schedule, within budget, and according to previously agreed quality standards i.e. meeting the Iron Triangle or Triple Constraint in order for projects to be considered a success or failure.^[19]

For each type of project management, project managers develop and utilize repeatable templates that are specific to the industry they're dealing with. This allows project plans to become very thorough and highly repeatable, with the specific intent to increase quality, lower delivery costs, and lower time to deliver project results.

Approaches of project management

A 2017 study suggested that the success of any project depends on how well four key aspects are aligned with the contextual dynamics affecting the project, these are referred to as the four P's:^[20]

• Aim & Expectations: What are the aims & expectations of the project.
• Plan: The planning and forecasting activities.
• Process: The overall approach to all activities and project governance.
• People: Including dynamics of how they collaborate and communicate.
• Power: Lines of authority, decision-makers, organograms, policies for implementation and the like.

There are a number of approaches to organizing and completing project activities, including phased, lean, iterative, and incremental. There are also several extensions to project planning, for example, based on outcomes (product-based) or activities (process-based).

Regardless of the methodology employed, careful consideration must be given to the overall project objectives, timeline, and cost, as well as the roles and responsibilities of all participants and stakeholders.^[21]

Benefits realization management

Main article: Benefits realisation management

Benefits realization management (BRM) enhances normal project management techniques through a focus on outcomes (benefits) of a project rather than products or outputs and then measuring the degree to which that is happening to keep a project on track. This can help to reduce the risk of a completed project being a failure by delivering agreed upon requirements (outputs) i.e. project success but failing to deliver the benefits (outcomes) of those requirements i.e. product success.

In addition, BRM practices aim to ensure the strategic alignment between project outcomes and business strategies. The effectiveness of these practices is supported by recent research evidencing BRM practices influencing project success from a strategic perspective across different countries and industries. These wider effects are called the strategic impact.^[22]

An example of delivering a project to requirements might be agreeing to deliver a computer system that will process staff data and manage payroll, holiday, and staff personnel records in shorter times with reduced errors. Under BRM, the agreement might be to achieve a specified reduction in staff hours and errors required to process and maintain staff data after the system installation when compared with without the system.

Critical path method

Main article: Critical path method

Critical path method (CPM) is an algorithm for determining the schedule for project activities. It is the traditional process used for predictive-based project planning. The CPM method evaluates the sequence of activities, the work effort required, the inter-dependencies, and the resulting float time per line sequence to determine the required project duration. Thus, by definition, the critical path is the pathway of tasks on the network diagram that has no extra time available (or very little extra time)."^[23]

Critical chain project management

Main article: Critical chain project management

Critical chain project management (CCPM) is an application of the theory of constraints (TOC) to planning and managing projects and is designed to deal with the uncertainties inherent in managing projects, while taking into consideration the limited availability of resources (physical, human skills, as well as management & support capacity) needed to execute projects.

The goal is to increase the flow of projects in an organization (throughput). Applying the first three of the five focusing steps of TOC, the system constraint for all projects, as well as the resources, are identified. To exploit the constraint, tasks on the critical chain are given priority over all other activities. Finally, projects are planned and managed to ensure that the resources are ready when the critical chain tasks must start, subordinating all other resources to the critical chain.

Earned value management

Main article: Earned value management

Earned value management (EVM) extends project management with techniques to improve project monitoring. It illustrates project progress towards completion in terms of work and value (cost). Earned Schedule is an extension to the theory and practice of EVM.

Iterative and incremental project management

See also: Iterative and incremental development

In critical studies of project management, it has been noted that phased approaches are not well suited for projects which are large-scale and multi-company,^[24] with undefined, ambiguous, or fast-changing requirements,^[25] or those with high degrees of risk, dependency, and fast-changing technologies.^[26] The cone of uncertainty explains some of this as the planning made on the initial phase of the project suffers from a high degree of uncertainty. This becomes especially true as software development is often the realization of a new or novel product.

These complexities are better handled with a more exploratory or iterative and incremental approach.^[27] Several models of iterative and incremental project management have evolved, including agile project management, dynamic systems development method, extreme project management, and Innovation Engineering®.^[28]

Lean project management

Main article: Lean project management

Lean project management uses the principles from lean manufacturing to focus on delivering value with less waste and reduced time.

Project lifecycle

There are five phases to a project lifecycle; known as process groups. Each process group represents a series of inter-related processes to manage the work through a series of distinct steps to be completed. This type of project approach is often referred to as "traditional"^[29] or "waterfall".^[30] The five process groups are:

Typical development phases of an engineering project

1. Initiating
2. Planning
3. Executing
4. Monitoring and Controlling
5. Closing

Some industries may use variations of these project stages and rename them to better suit the organization. For example, when working on a brick-and-mortar design and construction, projects will typically progress through stages like pre-planning, conceptual design, schematic design, design development, construction drawings (or contract documents), and construction administration.

While the phased approach works well for small, well-defined projects, it often results in challenge or failure on larger projects, or those that are more complex or have more ambiguities, issues, and risks.^[31]

Process-based management

Main article: Process-based management

The incorporation of process-based management has been driven by the use of maturity models such as the OPM3 and the CMMI (capability maturity model integration; see Image:Capability Maturity Model.jpg

Project production management

Main article: Project production management

Project production management is the application of operations management to the delivery of capital projects. The Project production management framework is based on a project as a production system view, in which a project transforms inputs (raw materials, information, labor, plant & machinery) into outputs (goods and services).^[32]

Product-based planning

Main article: Product-based planning

Product-based planning is a structured approach to project management, based on identifying all of the products (project deliverables) that contribute to achieving the project objectives. As such, it defines a successful project as output-oriented rather than activity- or task-oriented.^[33] The most common implementation of this approach is PRINCE2.^[34]

Process groups

The project development stages^[35]

Traditionally (depending on what project management methodology is being used), project management includes a number of elements: four to five project management process groups, and a control system. Regardless of the methodology or terminology used, the same basic project management processes or stages of development will be used. Major process groups generally include:^[36]

• Initiation
• Planning
• Production or execution
• Monitoring and controlling
• Closing

In project environments with a significant exploratory element (e.g., research and development), these stages may be supplemented with decision points (go/no go decisions) at which the project's continuation is debated and decided. An example is the Phase–gate model.

Initiating

Initiating process group processes^[35]

The initiating processes determine the nature and scope of the project.^[37] If this stage is not performed well, it is unlikely that the project will be successful in meeting the business’ needs. The key project controls needed here are an understanding of the business environment and making sure that all necessary controls are incorporated into the project. Any deficiencies should be reported and a recommendation should be made to fix them.

The initiating stage should include a plan that encompasses the following areas. These areas can be recorded in a series of documents called Project Initiation documents. Project Initiation documents are a series of planned documents used to create an order for the duration of the project. These tend to include:

• project proposal (idea behind project, overall goal, duration)
• project scope (project direction and track)
• product breakdown structure (PBS) (a hierarchy of deliverables/outcomes and components thereof)
• work breakdown structure (WBS) (a hierarchy of the work to be done, down to daily tasks)
• responsibility assignment matrix (RACI - Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, Informed) (roles and responsibilities aligned to deliverables / outcomes)
• tentative project schedule (milestones, important dates, deadlines)
• analysis of business needs and requirements against measurable goals
• review of the current operations
• financial analysis of the costs and benefits, including a budget
• stakeholder analysis, including users and support personnel for the project
• project charter including costs, tasks, deliverables, and schedules
• SWOT analysis: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to the business

Planning

After the initiation stage, the project is planned to an appropriate level of detail (see an example of a flowchart).^[35] The main purpose is to plan time, cost, and resources adequately to estimate the work needed and to effectively manage risk during project execution. As with the Initiation process group, a failure to adequately plan greatly reduces the project's chances of successfully accomplishing its goals.

Project planning generally consists of^[38]

• determining the project management methodology to follow (e.g. whether the plan will be defined wholly upfront, iteratively, or in rolling waves);
• developing the scope statement;
• selecting the planning team;
• identifying deliverables and creating the product and work breakdown structures;
• identifying the activities needed to complete those deliverables and networking the activities in their logical sequence;
• estimating the resource requirements for the activities;
• estimating time and cost for activities;
• developing the schedule;
• developing the budget;
• risk planning;
• developing quality assurance measures;
• gaining formal approval to begin work.

Additional processes, such as planning for communications and for scope management, identifying roles and responsibilities, determining what to purchase for the project, and holding a kick-off meeting are also generally advisable.

For new product development projects, conceptual design of the operation of the final product may be performed concurrent with the project planning activities and may help to inform the planning team when identifying deliverables and planning activities.

Executing

Executing process group processes^[35]

While executing we must know what are the planned terms that need to be executed. The execution/implementation phase ensures that the project management plan's deliverables are executed accordingly. This phase involves proper allocation, coordination, and management of human resources and any other resources such as materials and budgets. The output of this phase is the project deliverables.

Project documentation

Documenting everything within a project is key to being successful. To maintain budget, scope, effectiveness and pace a project must have physical documents pertaining to each specific task. With correct documentation, it is easy to see whether or not a project's requirement has been met. To go along with that, documentation provides information regarding what has already been completed for that project. Documentation throughout a project provides a paper trail for anyone who needs to go back and reference the work in the past. In most cases, documentation is the most successful way to monitor and control the specific phases of a project. With the correct documentation, a project's success can be tracked and observed as the project goes on. If performed correctly documentation can be the backbone of a project's success

Monitoring and controlling

Monitoring and controlling process group processes^[35]

Monitoring and controlling consist of those processes performed to observe project execution so that potential problems can be identified in a timely manner and corrective action can be taken, when necessary, to control the execution of the project. The key benefit is that project performance is observed and measured regularly to identify variances from the project management plan.

Monitoring and controlling include:^[39]

• Measuring the ongoing project activities ('where we are');
• Monitoring the project variables (cost, effort, scope, etc.) against the project management plan and the project performance baseline (where we should be);
• Identifying corrective actions to address issues and risks properly (How can we get on track again);
• Influencing the factors that could circumvent integrated change control so only approved changes are implemented.

Two main mechanisms support monitoring and controlling in projects. On the one hand, contracts offer a set of rules and incentives often supported by potential penalties and sanctions.^[40] On the other hand, scholars in business and management have paid attention to the role of integrators (also called project barons) to achieve a project's objectives.^[41][42] In turn, recent research in project management has questioned the type of interplay between contracts and integrators. Some have argued that these two monitoring mechanisms operate as substitutes^[43] as one type of organization would decrease the advantages of using the other one.

In multi-phase projects, the monitoring and control process also provides feedback between project phases, to implement corrective or preventive actions to bring the project into compliance with the project management plan.

Project maintenance is an ongoing process, and it includes:^[36]

• Continuing support of end-users
• Correction of errors
• Updates to the product over time

Monitoring and controlling cycle

In this stage, auditors should pay attention to how effectively and quickly user problems are resolved.

Over the course of any construction project, the work scope may change. Change is a normal and expected part of the construction process. Changes can be the result of necessary design modifications, differing site conditions, material availability, contractor-requested changes, value engineering, and impacts from third parties, to name a few. Beyond executing the change in the field, the change normally needs to be documented to show what was actually constructed. This is referred to as change management. Hence, the owner usually requires a final record to show all changes or, more specifically, any change that modifies the tangible portions of the finished work. The record is made on the contract documents – usually, but not necessarily limited to, the design drawings. The end product of this effort is what the industry terms as-built drawings, or more simply, "as built." The requirement for providing them is a norm in construction contracts. Construction document management is a highly important task undertaken with the aid of an online or desktop software system or maintained through physical documentation. The increasing legality pertaining to the construction industry's maintenance of correct documentation has caused an increase in the need for document management systems.

When changes are introduced to the project, the viability of the project has to be re-assessed. It is important not to lose sight of the initial goals and targets of the projects. When the changes accumulate, the forecasted result may not justify the original proposed investment in the project. Successful project management identifies these components, and tracks and monitors progress, so as to stay within time and budget frames already outlined at the commencement of the project. Exact methods were suggested to identify the most informative monitoring points along the project life-cycle regarding its progress and expected duration.^[44]

Closing

Closing process group processes.^[35]

Closing includes the formal acceptance of the project and the ending thereof. Administrative activities include the archiving of the files and documenting lessons learned.

This phase consists of:^[36]

• Contract closure: Complete and settle each contract (including the resolution of any open items) and close each contract applicable to the project or project phase.
• Project close: Finalize all activities across all of the process groups to formally close the project or a project phase

Also included in this phase is the Post Implementation Review. This is a vital phase of the project for the project team to learn from experiences and apply to future projects. Normally a Post Implementation Review consists of looking at things that went well and analyzing things that went badly on the project to come up with lessons learned.

Project control and project control systems

Project control (also known as Cost Engineering) should be established as an independent function in project management. It implements verification and controlling functions during the processing of a project to reinforce the defined performance and formal goals.^[45] The tasks of project control are also:

• the creation of infrastructure for the supply of the right information and its update
• the establishment of a way to communicate disparities in project parameters
• the development of project information technology based on an intranet or the determination of a project key performance indicator system (KPI)
• divergence analyses and generation of proposals for potential project regulations^[46]
• the establishment of methods to accomplish an appropriate project structure, project workflow organization, project control, and governance
• creation of transparency among the project parameters^[47]

Fulfillment and implementation of these tasks can be achieved by applying specific methods and instruments of project control. The following methods of project control can be applied:

• investment analysis
• cost–benefit analysis
• value benefit analysis
• expert surveys
• simulation calculations
• risk-profile analysis
• surcharge calculations
• milestone trend analysis
• cost trend analysis
• target/actual comparison^[48]

Project control is that element of a project that keeps it on track, on time, and within budget.^[39] Project control begins early in the project with planning and ends late in the project with post-implementation review, having a thorough involvement of each step in the process. Projects may be audited or reviewed while the project is in progress. Formal audits are generally risk or compliance-based and management will direct the objectives of the audit. An examination may include a comparison of approved project management processes with how the project is actually being managed.^[49] Each project should be assessed for the appropriate level of control needed: too much control is too time-consuming, too little control is very risky. If project control is not implemented correctly, the cost to the business should be clarified in terms of errors and fixes.

Control systems are needed for cost, risk, quality, communication, time, change, procurement, and human resources. In addition, auditors should consider how important the projects are to the financial statements, how reliant the stakeholders are on controls, and how many controls exist. Auditors should review the development process and procedures for how they are implemented. The process of development and the quality of the final product may also be assessed if needed or requested. A business may want the auditing firm to be involved throughout the process to catch problems earlier on so that they can be fixed more easily. An auditor can serve as a controls consultant as part of the development team or as an independent auditor as part of an audit.

Businesses sometimes use formal systems development processes. This help assure systems are developed successfully. A formal process is more effective in creating strong controls, and auditors should review this process to confirm that it is well designed and is followed in practice. A good formal systems development plan outlines:

• A strategy to align development with the organization's broader objectives
• Standards for new systems
• Project management policies for timing and budgeting
• Procedures describing the process
• Evaluation of quality of change

Characteristics of projects

There are five important characteristics of a project:

(i) It should always have specific start and end dates.

(ii) They are performed and completed by a group of people.

(iii) The output is the delivery of a unique product or service.

(iv) They are temporary in nature.

(v) It is progressively elaborated.

Examples are: designing a new car or writing a book.

Project complexity

Main article: Project complexity

Complexity and its nature play an important role in the area of project management. Despite having a number of debates on this subject matter, studies suggest a lack of definition and reasonable understanding of complexity in relation to the management of complex projects.^[50][51]

Project complexity is the property of a project which makes it difficult to understand, foresee, and keep under control its overall behavior, even when given reasonably complete information about the project system.^[52]

The identification of complex projects is specifically important to multi-project engineering environments.^[53]

As it is considered that project complexity and project performance are closely related, it is important to define and measure the complexity of the project for project management to be effective.^[54]

Complexity can be:

• Structural complexity (also known as detail complexity, or complicatedness), i.e. consisting of many varied interrelated parts.^[55] It is typically expressed in terms of size, variety, and interdependence of project components, and described by technological and organizational factors.
• Dynamic complexity refers to phenomena, characteristics, and manifestations such as ambiguity, uncertainty, propagation, emergence, and chaos.^[52]

Based on the Cynefin framework,^[56] complex projects can be classified as:

Simple, complicated, complex, and really complex projects - based on the Cynefin framework.

• Simple (or clear, obvious, known) projects, systems, or contexts. These are characterized by known knowns, stability, and clear cause-and-effect relationships. They can be solved with standard operating procedures and best practices.
• Complicated: characterized by known unknowns. A complicated system is the sum of its parts. In principle, it can be deconstructed into smaller simpler components. While difficult, complicated problems are theoretically solvable with additional resources, specialized expertise, analytical, reductionist, simplification, decomposition techniques, scenario planning, and following good practices.^[57][58]
• Complex are characterized by unknown unknowns, and emergence. Patterns could be uncovered, but they are not obvious. A complex system can be described by Euclid’s statement that the whole is more than the sum of its parts.
• Really complex projects, a.k.a. very complex, or chaotic: characterized by unknowables. No patterns are discernible in really complex projects. Causes and effects are unclear even in retrospect. Paraphrasing Aristotle, a really complex system is different from the sum of its parts.^[59]

By applying the discovery in measuring work complexity described in Requisite Organization and Stratified Systems Theory, Dr. Elliott Jaques classifies projects and project work (stages, tasks) into basic 7 levels of project complexity based on such criteria as time-span of discretion and complexity of a project's output:^[60][61]

• Level 1 Project – improve the direct output of an activity (quantity, quality, time) within a business process with a targeted completion time up to 3 months.
• Level 2 Project – develop and improve compliance to a business process with a targeted completion time of 3 months to 1 year.
• Level 3 Project – develop, change, and improve a business process with a targeted completion time of 1 to 2 years.
• Level 4 Project – develop, change, and improve a functional system with a targeted completion time of 2 to 5 years.
• Level 5 Project – develop, change, and improve a group of functional systems/business functions with a targeted completion time of 5 to 10 years.
• Level 6 Project – develop, change, and improve a whole single value chain of a company with targeted completion time from 10 to 20 years.
• Level 7 Project – develop, change, and improve multiple value chains of a company with target completion time from 20 to 50 years.^[62]

Benefits from measuring Project Complexity is to improve project people feasibility by^[63]

• Match the level of a project's complexity with effective targeted completion time of a project
• Match the level of a project's complexity with the respective capability level of the project manager
• Match the level of a project task's complexity with the respective capability of the project members

Positive, appropriate (requisite), and negative complexity

The Positive, Appropriate and Negative complexity model proposed by Stefan Morcov ^[59]

Similarly with the Law of requisite variety and The law of requisite complexity, project complexity is sometimes required in order for the project to reach its objectives, and sometimes it has beneficial outcomes. Based on the effects of complexity, Stefan Morcov proposed its classification as Positive, Appropriate, or Negative.^[64][59]

• Positive complexity is the complexity that adds value to the project, and whose contribution to project success outweighs the associated negative consequences.
• Appropriate (or requisite) complexity is the complexity that is needed for the project to reach its objectives, or whose contribution to project success balances the negative effects, or the cost of mitigation outweighs negative manifestations.
• Negative complexity is the complexity that hinders project success.

Project managers

Main article: Project manager

A project manager is a professional in the field of project management. Project managers are in charge of the people in a project. People are the key to any successful project. Without the correct people in the right place and at the right time a project cannot be successful. Project managers can have the responsibility of the planning, execution, controlling, and closing of any project typically relating to the construction industry, engineering, architecture, computing, and telecommunications. Many other fields of production engineering, design engineering, and heavy industrial have project managers.

A project manager needs to understand the order of execution of a project to schedule the project correctly as well as the time necessary to accomplish each individual task within the project. A project manager is the person accountable for accomplishing the stated project objectives on behalf of the client. Project Managers tend to have multiple years’ experience in their field. A project manager is required to know the project in and out while supervising the workers along with the project. Typically in most construction, engineering, architecture, and industrial projects, a project manager has another manager working alongside of them who is typically responsible for the execution of task on a daily basis. This position in some cases is known as a superintendent. A superintendent and project manager work hand in hand in completing daily project task. Key project management responsibilities include creating clear and attainable project objectives, building the project requirements, and managing the triple constraint (now including more constraints and calling it competing constraints) for projects, which is cost, time, quality and scope for the first three but about three additional ones in current project management. A typical project is composed of a team of workers who work under the project manager to complete the assignment within the time and budget targets. A project manager normally reports directly to someone of higher stature on the completion and success of the project.

A project manager is often a client representative and has to determine and implement the exact needs of the client, based on knowledge of the firm they are representing. The ability to adapt to the various internal procedures of the contracting party, and to form close links with the nominated representatives, is essential in ensuring that the key issues of cost, time, quality and above all, client satisfaction, can be realized.

A complete project manager, a term first coined by Dr. Robert J. Graham in his simulation, has been expanded upon by Randall L. Englund and Alfonso Bucero. They describe a complete project manager as a person who embraces multiple disciplines, such as leadership, influence, negotiations, politics, change and conflict management, and humor. These are all "soft" people skills that enable project leaders to be more effective and achieve optimized, consistent results.

Multilevel success framework and criteria - project success vs. project performance

There is a tendency to confuse the project success with project management success. They are two different things. “Project success” has 2 perspectives:

• the perspective of the process, i.e. delivering efficient outputs; typically called project management performance or project efficiency.
• the perspective of the result, i.e. delivering beneficial outcomes; typically called project performance (sometimes just project success).^{[65][66][67][self-published source?]}

Project management success criteria are different from project success criteria. The project management is said to be successful if the given project is completed within the agreed upon time, met the agreed upon scope and within the agreed upon budget. Subsequent to the triple constraints, multiple constraints have been considered to ensure project success. However, the triple or multiple constraints indicate only the efficiency measures of the project, which are indeed the project management success criteria during the project lifecycle.

The priori criteria leave out the more important after-completion results of the project which comprise four levels i.e. the output (product) success, outcome (benefits) success and impact (strategic) success during the product lifecycle. These posterior success criteria indicate the effectiveness measures of the project product, service or result, after the project completion and handover. This overarching multilevel success framework of projects, programs and portfolios has been developed by Paul Bannerman in 2008.^[68] In other words, a project is said to be successful, when it succeeds in achieving the expected business case which needs to be clearly identified and defined during the project inception and selection before starting the development phase. This multilevel success framework conforms to the theory of project as a transformation depicted as the input-process / activity-output-outcome-impact in order to generate whatever value intended. Emanuel Camilleri in 2011 classifies all the critical success and failure factors into groups and matches each of them with the multilevel success criteria in order to deliver business value.^[69]

Risk management

Main article: Project risk management

The United States Department of Defense states; "Cost, Schedule, Performance, and Risk" are the four elements through which Department of Defense acquisition professionals make trade-offs and track program status.^[70] There are also international standards. Risk management applies proactive identification (see tools) of future problems and understanding of their consequences allowing predictive decisions about projects.

Work breakdown structure and other breakdown structures

Main articles: Work breakdown structure and Scope (project management)

The work breakdown structure (WBS) is a tree structure that shows a subdivision of the activities required to achieve an objective – for example a portfolio, program, project, and contract. The WBS may be hardware-, product-, service-, or process-oriented (see an example in a NASA reporting structure (2001)).^[71] Beside WBS for project scope management, there are organizational breakdown structure (chart), cost breakdown structure and risk breakdown structure.

A WBS can be developed by starting with the end objective and successively subdividing it into manageable components in terms of size, duration, and responsibility (e.g., systems, subsystems, components, tasks, sub-tasks, and work packages), which include all steps necessary to achieve the objective.^[31]

The work breakdown structure provides a common framework for the natural development of the overall planning and control of a contract and is the basis for dividing work into definable increments from which the statement of work can be developed and technical, schedule, cost, and labor hour reporting can be established.^[71] The work breakdown structure can be displayed in two forms, as a table with subdivision of tasks or as an organisational chart whose lowest nodes are referred to as "work packages".

It is an essential element in assessing the quality of a plan, and an initial element used during the planning of the project. For example, a WBS is used when the project is scheduled, so that the use of work packages can be recorded and tracked.

Similarly to Work Breakdown Structure WBS, other decomposition techniques and tools are: Organization Breakdown Structure OBS, Product Breakdown Structure PBS, Cost Breakdown Structure CBS, Risk Breakdown Structure RBS, Resource Breakdown Structure ResBS.^[72][59]

International standards

There are several project management standards, including:

• The ISO standards ISO 9000, a family of standards for quality management systems, and the ISO 10006:2003, for Quality management systems and guidelines for quality management in projects.
• ISO 21500:2012 – Guidance on project management. This is the first International Standard related to project management published by ISO. Other standards in the 21500 family include 21503:2017 Guidance on programme management; 21504:2015 Guidance on portfolio management; 21505:2017 Guidance on governance; 21506:2018 Vocabulary; 21508:2018 Earned value management in project and programme management; and 21511:2018 Work breakdown structures for project and programme management.
• ISO 31000:2009 – Risk management.
• ISO/IEC/IEEE 16326:2009 – Systems and Software Engineering—Life Cycle Processes—Project Management^[73]
• Individual Competence Baseline (ICB) from the International Project Management Association (IPMA).^[74]
• Capability Maturity Model (CMM) from the Software Engineering Institute.
• GAPPS, Global Alliance for Project Performance Standards – an open source standard describing COMPETENCIES for project and program managers.
• HERMES method, Swiss general project management method, selected for use in Luxembourg and international organizations.
• The logical framework approach (LFA), which is popular in international development organizations.
• PMBOK Guide from the Project Management Institute (PMI).
• PRINCE2 from AXELOS.
• PM²: The Project Management methodology developed by the [European Commission].^[75]
• Procedures for Project Formulation and Management (PPFM) by the Indian Ministry of Defence ^[76]
• Team Software Process (TSP) from the Software Engineering Institute.
• Total Cost Management Framework, AACE International's Methodology for Integrated Portfolio, Program and Project Management.
• V-Model, an original systems development method.

Program management. Project networks

Main article: Program management

Some projects, either identical or different, can be managed as program management. Programs are collections of projects that support a common objective and set of goals. While individual projects have clearly defined and specific scope and timeline, a program’s objectives and duration are defined with a lower level of granularity.

Besides programs and portfolios, additional structures that combine their different characteristics are: project networks, mega-projects, or mega-programs.

A project network is a temporary project formed of several different distinct evolving phases, crossing organizational lines. Mega-projects and mega-programs are defined as exceptional in terms of size, cost, public and political attention, and competencies required.^[59]

Project portfolio management

Main article: Project portfolio management

An increasing number of organizations are using what is referred to as project portfolio management (PPM) as a means of selecting the right projects and then using project management techniques^[77] as the means for delivering the outcomes in the form of benefits to the performing public, private or not-for-profit organization.

Portfolios are collections of similar projects. Portfolio management supports efficiencies of scale, increasing success rates, and reducing project risks, by applying similar standardized techniques to all projects in the portfolio, by a group of project management professionals sharing common tools and knowledge. Organizations often create Project Management Offices as an organizational structure to support project portfolio management in a structured way.^[59] Thus, PPM is usually performed by a dedicated team of managers organized within an Enterprise Project Management Office (PMO), usually based within the organization, and headed by a PMO director or Chief Project Officer. In cases where strategic initiatives of an organization form the bulk of the PPM, the head of the PPM is sometimes titled as the chief initiative officer.

Project management software

Main articles: Project management software and Project management information system

Project management software is software used to help plan, organize, and manage resource pools, develop resource estimates and implement plans. Depending on the sophistication of the software, functionality may include estimation and planning, scheduling, cost control and budget management, resource allocation, collaboration software, communication, decision-making, workflow, risk, quality, documentation, and/or administration systems.^[78][79]

Virtual project management

Main article: Virtual team

Virtual program management (VPM) is management of a project done by a virtual team, though it rarely may refer to a project implementing a virtual environment^[80] It is noted that managing a virtual project is fundamentally different from managing traditional projects,^[81] combining concerns of remote work and global collaboration (culture, time zones, language).^[82]

See also

Related fields Agile Construction Architectural engineering Construction management Cost engineering Facilitation (business) Industrial engineering Project Production Management Project management software Project portfolio management Project workforce management Software project management Systems engineering Lists Comparison of project management software Glossary of project management List of collaborative software List of project management topics Timeline of project management Related subjects Collaborative project management Decision-making Game theory Earned value management Human factors Kanban (development) Operations research Process architecture Program management Project accounting Project governance Project management simulation Small-scale project management Software development process Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

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References

1. Velagapudi, Mridula (April 13, 2012). "Why You Cannot Avoid Virtual Project Management 2012 Onwards".

External links

• Guidelines for Managing Projects from the UK Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (BERR)
• PM Foundation PM BLOG
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• "PMOs". www.theprojectmanager.co.za. Retrieved 2018-03-01. 
• Commission, Australian Public Service. "APS framework for optimal management structures". Retrieved 2018-03-01. 
• Morcov, Stefan; Pintelon, Liliane; Kusters, Rob J. (2020). "IT Project Complexity Management Based on Sources and Effects: Positive, Appropriate and Negative" (PDF). Proceedings of the Romanian Academy - Series A. 21 (4): 329–336. 
• Daniel, Pierre A.; Daniel, Carole (January 2018). "Complexity, uncertainty and mental models: From a paradigm of regulation to a paradigm of emergence in project management". International Journal of Project Management. 36 (1): 184–197. doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2017.07.004. 
• Pinto, Jeffrey K.; Winch, Graham (1 February 2016). "The unsettling of 'settled science:' The past and future of the management of projects". International Journal of Project Management. 34 (2): 237–245. doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2015.07.011. 
• Morcov, Stefan (6 April 2021). "Project success vs. project management performance". 
• Bannerman, P. L. (2008). Defining project success: a multilevel framework. Paper presented at PMI® Research Conference: Defining the Future of Project Management, Warsaw, Poland. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute. Available at https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/defining-project-success-multilevel-framework-7096
• Emanuel Camilleri, Project Success: Critical Factors and Behaviours, Gower Publishing, Ltd., 2011
• "DoDD 5000.01" (PDF). United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 25, 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2007.
• NASA NPR 9501.2D. May 23, 2001.
• Levine, H. A. (1993). Doing the weebis and the obis: new dances for project managers? PM Network, 7(4), 35–38. Available at https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/concepts-work-risk-organizational-breakdown-structures-3694
• ISO/IEC/IEEE Systems and Software Engineering--Life Cycle Processes--Project Management. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2009.5372630. ISBN 978-0-7381-6116-7.
• Individual Competence Baseline for Project, Programme & Portfolio Management (PDF). International Project Management Association (IPMA). 2015. ISBN 978-94-92338-01-3.
• PM² : The Project Management methodology developed by the European Commission. Available at https://europa.eu/pm2/home_en
• Mohindra, T., & Srivastava, M. (2019). Comparative Analysis of Project Management Frameworks and Proposition for Project Driven Organizations. PM World Journal, VIII(VIII). Available at https://pmworldlibrary.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/pmwj85-Sep2019-Mohindra-Srivastava-comparative-analysis-of-project-management-frameworks.pdf
• Albert Hamilton (2004). Handbook of Project Management Procedures. TTL Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0-7277-3258-7
• PMBOK 4h Ed. 2008. p. 443. ISBN 978-1933890517.
• Tom Kendrick. The Project Management Tool Kit: 100 Tips and Techniques for Getting the Job Done Right, Third Edition. AMACOM Books, 2013 ISBN 9780814433454
• Curlee, Wanda (2011). The Virtual Project Management Office: Best Practices, Proven Methods. Management Concepts Press.
• Khazanchi, Deepak (2005). Patterns of Effective Project Management in Virtual Projects: An Exploratory Study. Project Management Institute. ISBN 9781930699830. Archived from the original on 2013-10-23.

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Links

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Project_management

http://www.dmoz.org/Business/Management/Project_and_Program_Management/

Subcategories``ёёё]]]

`0-9`A

Associations

• Project Authority

`B

`C

• Project Management Capabilities
• Project Management Certification

► Collaborative projects (10 C, 77 P)

► Cost engineering (16 P)

► Critical Path Scheduling (5 P)

Consulting

`D

• Project Development
• Separation of Duties

`E

Education and Training

`F

• Project Failure Factors

`G`H`I`J`K`L

• Project Life Cycle

`M

• Project Management Maturity Levels
• Project Management Maturity Models

`N`O

`P

• Passionate Project Owners
• Portfolio Management
• Project Portfolio Management
• Portfolio, Programme and Project Management  
• Project Management Platforms
• Prince 2

► Project management professional associations (1 C, 5 P)

`Q

`R

• Requirements
• Project Management Resources

`S

• Project Schedules
• Separation of Duties  
• Project Management Software

► Software project management (3 C, 78 P)

• Project Management Standards
• Project Management Styles
• Project Success Factors
• Project Success Criteria

`T

• Project Management Tools
• Self-Organising Teams
• Project Management Techniques
• Types of Project Management

`U`V`W`X`Y`Z

Index

```[[[ёёё

Glossary of project management

Outline of project management

Process management (Project Management)

Project management

`0–9

10,000ft

`A

Karol Adamiecki

Aggregate planning

Aggregate project plan

Agile construction

Agile contracts

Agile management

American Society of Professional Estimators

Arrow diagramming method

Assumption-based planning

Authority (management)

AXELOS

AXYKno

`B

Basis of estimate

Bid manager

Big Hairy Audacious Goal

Bill of quantities

BOSCARD

Bottleneck (production)

Budgeted cost of work performed

Burn down chart

Business administration

Business Analysis

Business case

Business Technology Management

`C

Career Insights

Case competition

Cash-flow diagram

Changes clause

The Chicken and the Pig

Code name

Collaborative project management

Commissioning management systems

Concept note

Concurrent engineering

Cone of Uncertainty

Confluence Project Management

Constituent Voice

Constructability

Clinical Device Group

Control limits

Cost contingency

Cost database

Cost estimate

Cost–benefit analysis

Critical chain project management

Critical path drag

Critical path method

`D

Data item descriptions

Decision table

Defense Acquisition Guide

Defense Acquisition Workforce Improvement Act

Defensive expenditures

Deliverable

Dependency (project management)

Deployment plan

Design review (U.S. government)

Design structure matrix

Devaux’s Index of Project Performance (the DIPP)

DICE framework

Direct changeover

Disciplined agile delivery

Doctor of Project Management

Drag cost

Duration (project management)

`E

Earned schedule

Earned value management

Eclipse (software suite)

Effort management

Elemental cost planning

Enterprise project management

Estimation (project management)

Event chain diagram

Event chain methodology

EWorkexperience

Executive sponsor

Expected commercial value

Expediting

Extreme project management

Eylean Board

``F

Fast-track construction

Feasibility Studies

Technical feasibility

Feature-driven development

Financial plan

Financial planning (business)

Flexible product development

Float (project management)

Freedcamp

Front-end engineering

Front-end loading

Functional brief

`G

Gantt Charts

Henry Gantt

Gap Analysis

Global Alliance for Project Performance Standards

Glossary of construction cost estimating

Goal

The Goal (novel)

Goals breakdown structure

Gold plating (software engineering)

Grandfather principle

Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique

Graphical path method

Greenfield project

A Guide to the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge

`H

Hammock activity

Hart Mason Index

Gregory T. Haugan

HERMES method

`I

Identifying and Managing Project Risk

IKN GmbH

Indian Institute of Project Management

Initiative (enterprise)

Integrated master plan

Integrated product team

Intraboom

ISO 10006

ISO 21500

ISO 31000

Iteration

Iterative and incremental development

ITK method

`K

Kickoff meeting

`L

Large-Scale Scrum (LeSS)

Alexander Laufer

Lead arranger

Lead time

Lean project management

Legal matter management

Legal project management

Lessons learned

Level of effort

LibrePlan

Life-cycle cost analysis

Lighthouse Project

Linear scheduling method

Logical framework approach

`M

Management process

Market requirements document

Master of Science in Project Management

Metra potential method

MIKE2.0 methodology

Milestone (project management)

Milestone fee

Multidisciplinary approach

`N

National Institute of Construction Management and Research

NEC Engineering and Construction Contract

NetPoint

Nonlinear management

`O

Object Oriented Management

Object Process Methodology

Operational bill

Opportunity management

Organizational project management

Outcome mapping

Outcomes theory

Owner's engineer

`P

P3M3

Participatory impact pathways analysis

Phase–gate model

Phased implementation

Plan

PM Declaration of Interdependence

Pmhub

Point of total assumption

Postmortem documentation

The Practice Standard for Scheduling

Pre-construction services

Pre-mortem

Pre-shipment inspection

Precedence diagram method

Present value of benefits

Present value of costs

PREview

PRINCE2

Problem domain analysis

Product breakdown structure

Product description

Product flow diagram

Product-based planning

Program evaluation and review technique

Program Management

Project

Project accounting

Project anatomy

Project appraisal

Project assurance

Project blog

Project charter

Project Commissioning

Project cost management

Project cycle management

Project governance

Project Initiation Documentation

Project engineering

Project management information system

Project management 2.0

Project Management Body of Knowledge

Project Management Office

Project Management Professional

Project management simulation

Project Management South Africa

Project management triangle

Project manager

Project manufacturing

Project network

Project networks

Project plan

Project planning

Project portfolio management

Project Risk Management

Project slippage

Project sponsorship

Project stakeholder

Project team

Project team builder

Project workforce management

Punch list

`Q

Quality, cost, delivery

`R

Rapid Results

RBA Arabia

Requirements traceability

Research program

Resource (project management)

Resource allocation

Resource breakdown structure

Resource consulting

Resource leveling

Responsibility assignment matrix

Risk appetite

Risk intelligence

Risk management

Risk management plan

Risk register

Rolling Wave planning

`S

Schedule

Schedule (project management)

Schedule chicken

Scope (project management)

Scope creep

Scope statement

Scrum (software development)

Scrumban

Scrumedge

Sequence step algorithm

SimulTrain

Site survey

Six phases of a big project

Small-scale project management

SMART criteria

Social project management

Soft Costs

Software development

SQEP

Stakeholder analysis

Starmad

Structured data analysis (systems analysis)

Student syndrome

Sunk costs

Sustainable event management

Jeff Sutherland

System anatomy

`T

Tardiness (scheduling)

Targetprocess

Task (project management)

Task management

Team performance management

Technology roadmap

TELOS (project management)

Terms of reference

Test and evaluation master plan

Theme-centered interaction

Theory X and Theory Y

Theory Z

Theory Z of Ouchi

Time horizon

Time limit

Time to completion

Time–distance diagram

Timeline of project management

Tom's Planner

Total project control

The Transformation Project

Transport Initiatives Edinburgh

Trend analysis

Triple Constraint

Triskell

`U

UniPhi

`V

Value breakdown structure

Value of work done

Vertical slice

Virtual design and construction

`W

Waterfall model

Work (project management)

Work breakdown structure

Pages in Other Languages

Categories:

IEEE standards

ISO/IEC standards

Projects

Management by type

Production and manufacturing

Product development